U.S. Economy Ends 2015 on Better Note, Starts 2016 With a Bang

The U.S. economy got a double dose of good news Friday: Economic growth in the final three months of 2015 didn’t slow as much as previously estimated, and consumers roared back to life in January, spending at the fastest clip in eight months.

The Commerce Department said that consumer spending increased 0.5 percent last month, the best showing since May and far higher than the tiny 0.1 percent gain in December. Economists are expecting stronger consumer spending, which accounts for two-thirds of economic activity, to lift overall economic growth in the new year after a fourth-quarter slowdown.

In a separate report, the government said that gross domestic product, the broadest measure of economic health, grew at an annual rate of 1 percent in the fourth quarter. That’s an improvement from the first estimate of 0.7 percent, though just half the 2 percent growth posted in the third quarter.

The revision was made because the downturn in business stockpiling was less severe than the government’s first estimate. That helped offset slightly weaker consumer spending.

The Federal Reserve is closely watching economic data to determine how fast it needs to raise interest rates this year. The spending report showed that inflation, by a price measure preferred by the Fed, rose by 1.3 percent in the 12 months ending in January. That is nearly double the 0.7 percent 12-month rise seen in December but still below the Fed’s inflation target of 2 percent a year.

Still, the inflation jump was sharp enough that it is sure to attract attention among Fed officials who are watching price increases for signals on how fast to raise interest rates. The Fed boosted a key rate by a quarter-point in December, moving it from a record low near zero, where it had been for seven years.

After a stretch of economic turbulence at the beginning of the year, economists had trimmed their forecasts for 2016 rate hikes from four down to two. But if inflation accelerates more, that could encourage the Fed to move rates higher more quickly.

The latest GDP figure does little to change the fact that growth in the final months of 2015 was modest. Since then, global weakness and financial-market turbulence have triggered worries about the potential fallout on the U.S. economy.

Still, economists are confident that GDP is poised to accelerate this quarter. Steady job gains and faster wage growth are boosting consumer spending, which accounts for more than two-thirds of the economy.

“First-quarter GDP growth is on track to rebound to a very healthy 2.5 percent (rate), which should dampen any concerns about an imminent recession,” said Paul Ashworth, chief U.S. economist at Capital Economics.

The fourth-quarter figure marks the slowest growth in six months, since the economy skidded to a weak 0.6 percent showing in the first quarter last year. That was followed by a solid rebound to 3.9 percent in the second quarter and then the 2 percent gain in the summer.

Friday’s upward revision stems from a tweak in the government’s data for business stockpiles. That translated into a 0.1-percentage-point drag on growth, rather than the 0.5-percentage-point drag initially reported. This change could weigh on first-quarter activity if businesses are reluctant to add to their stockpiles.

Consumer spending grew at a 2 percent rate in the fourth quarter, down from an initial estimate of 2.2 percent. Also weighing on growth in the fourth quarter was a downward revision to government spending, which fell at a 0.1 percent rate instead of the 0.7-percent rise first reported.

All the changes in the fourth quarter left GDP growth for the year unchanged at 2.4 percent, the same as 2014.