This Medical Supercomputer Isn’t a Pacemaker, IBM Tells Congress

Watson, an artificial-intelligence technology that IBM wants to sell to help doctors diagnose diseases, will largely escape the oversight of U.S. regulators if the computer giant wins a two-year Washington lobbying push.

International Business Machines Corp.’s argument to Congress is that its supercomputer famed for victory on quiz show “Jeopardy!” isn’t a medical device like a cardiac pacemaker and shouldn’t need lengthy clinical trials to prove it’s safe and effective. A draft bill released Tuesday backs that position, and could speed the use of Watson and other so- called decision support technologies.

The artificial-intelligence technology already has medical fans. Eric Topol, a genomics professor at the Scripps Research Institute, has used Watson to find research subjects who have serious conditions never before identified. When Watson diagnoses someone — like it did with a patient with plastic lung, a rare condition that restricts airflow — Topol can scratch them off his list of candidates.

“We’re enamored with it,” Topol said. “No human being can read five billion pages of medical literature in two seconds.” Since doctors ultimately make a final diagnosis, Topol said, there’s not the need for regulation like traditional devices used to treat patients.

Arthur Caplan, founding director of the Division of Medical Ethics at New York University Langone Medical Center’s Department of Population Health, disagrees. Caplan thinks the technologies should be regulated the same as medical devices, including going through clinical trials.

“You don’t want to get seduced into thinking we’ve solved every problem,” Caplan said. “The more evidence, the more information, the better.”

The effort to protect decision support tools like Watson from Food and Drug Administration regulation is part of a proposal by the Republican chairman of the House Energy and Commerce Committee, Michigan’s Fred Upton. Called the 21st Century Cures initiative, it’s a major overhaul in the pharmaceutical and medical-device world, and the possibility of its passage is boosted by Republican control of both chambers of Congress.

Upton’s bill would give the FDA two years to come up with a verification process for what it calls “medical software.” Such programs wouldn’t require the strict approval process faced by makers of medical devices like heart stents. Another set of products defined as “health software” wouldn’t require FDA oversight at all.

IBM has said it will spend $1 billion to create a new product it can sell to Wall Street, energy companies and the medical world. The Armonk, N.Y.-based company is counting on Watson to help restore growth after 11 straight quarters of declining sales.

Watson lets users ask questions using plain English, then mines their data to come up with answers. Health insurers have tested it to determine coverage for medical procedures, and physicians at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center have tried using it to help find the best treatments.

Avoiding strict regulation has been the top focus of IBM’s lobbying in Washington, as it has for much of the industry. Dozens of technology companies have identified health care as a source of growth — and of bureaucratic hurdles.

Under Upton’s bill, clinical decision support tools like Watson would fall under “health software” and be exempt from regulation, said Janet Marchibroda, Executive Director of the CEO Council on Health and Innovation at the Bipartisan Policy Center, a Washington-based organization that released a recommended framework in 2013 for health information technology. Marchibroda is a former IBM employee.

This article appeared in print in the January 30th, 2015 edition of Hamodia.