Supreme Court Affirms NC Legislative Districts as Racial Gerrymanders

The U.S. Supreme Court on Monday rejected a request from North Carolina lawmakers to review a lower court’s ruling that struck down the 2011 state legislative districts, but sent the case back for reconsideration of whether elections should be held in 2017 as the lower court ordered.

The order came five days after the justices met behind closed doors to decide whether to take up the case filed by 31 North Carolina residents in 2015.

In August 2016, a panel of three federal judges found that 28 of the state’s districts that elect members of the state House and Senate were unconstitutional racial gerrymanders.

The judges not only found that Republicans who led the redrawing of districts in 2011 relied too heavily on race, they also later ordered new maps drawn by March 2017 and elections in any new districts held the same year.

State lawmakers appealed the decision in late 2016. While questions lingered about whether the country’s high court would take up the case, the redrawing of the districts was put on hold.

The Supreme Court order, issued Monday morning, was critical of how the three-judge panel came to its decision to call for new maps and special elections.

The order said the judges considered “inequities” caused by the gerrymandered maps and the great costs of ordering special elections “in only the most cursory fashion.”

“(T)he court simply announced that ‘(w)hile special elections have costs,’ those unspecified costs ‘pale in comparison’ to the prospect that citizens will be ‘represented by legislators elected pursuant to a racial gerrymander,’” the order states. “That minimal reasoning would appear to justify a special election in every racial-gerrymandering case — a result clearly at odds with our demand for careful case-specific analysis. For that reason, we cannot have confidence that the court adequately grappled with the interests on both sides of the remedial question before us.”

In court filings in late May, attorneys for state lawmakers argued against holding elections in 2017, saying it would be “exceedingly difficult (if not entirely unrealistic)” to draw new maps and hold elections in any new districts by November.

Attorneys for the challengers argued against any further delay in a court filing last week.

“The court previously called for holding elections later this year in newly drawn districts. We think there is still time to implement special elections in the impacted districts, and we will do everything we can to make sure that happens,” Anita Earls, executive director of the Southern Coalition for Social Justice, counsel for the redistricting challengers, said in a statement. “Many North Carolinians have been participating in unfair elections in racially gerrymandered districts for far too long. It’s time to fix this problem.”

This is the third Supreme Court decision in recent weeks on lawsuits challenging the North Carolina maps drawn in 2011 after the 2010 Census.

In May, the country’s high court agreed in a 5-3 opinion that two of the state’s congressional districts were illegal racial gerrymanders.

Last week, in light of that ruling, the justices sent a different lawsuit challenging both the congressional and legislative districts back to the state Supreme Court for a third review. The state court on two previous reviews upheld the districts, saying that though race played a role in the development of the district lines, the lawmakers had done so to comply with the Voting Rights Act.

There is a redrawing of lines for congressional and legislative districts every ten years to respond to population changes reflected in the U.S. census numbers.

But across the country, the political party in power often changes the lines for partisan advantage, which the courts have allowed to some extent.

The courts have not allowed mapmakers to use race as a driving force in the creation of districts, and that’s what challengers in several North Carolina lawsuits have contended happened.

The federal courts have ruled that Republicans relied too heavily on the use of race as they drew new legislative and congressional lines in 2011.

Republicans have contended that the district lines, which have been used in three election cycles for elections to the General Assembly, were drawn for partisan gain.